The four Cardinal Virtues are virtues of mind and character in both classical philosophy and Christian theology. They are; Prudence, Justice, Fortitude and Temperance.
These virtues derive initially from Plato in ‘Republic’. Aristotle expounded them systematically in the Nicomachean Ethics. They were also recognized by the Stoics and Cicero certainly expanded on them.
Temperance is that due restraint upon our affections and passions which renders the body tame and governable and frees the mind from the allurements of vice. This virtue should be the constant practice of every Mason, as he is thereby taught to avoid excess, or contracting any licentious or vicious habit, the indulgence of which might lead him to disclose some of those valuable secrets which he has promised to conceal and never reveal and which would consequently subject him to the contempt and detestation of all good Masons.
Fortitude is the noble and steadfast resolve of the mind that enables us to endure pain, peril, or danger when it is deemed wise to do so. This virtue stands equally apart from rashness and cowardice. Like prudence, fortitude should be deeply ingrained in the mind of every Mason, serving as a safeguard against any unlawful attempts, whether by force or other means, to extract the secrets entrusted to him. This virtue was symbolically represented during his first admission into the Lodge, with the point of a sharp instrument pressed against his naked left breast.
Prudence guides us to align our lives and actions with the dictates of reason, enabling us to wisely judge and make decisions that affect both our present and future happiness. This virtue should consistently govern the conduct of every Mason, not only within the Lodge but also in the wider world. It is especially important to exercise prudence in unfamiliar and diverse company, ensuring that no sign, token, or word is revealed that could unlawfully disclose the secrets of Masonry. Every Mason should always remember the oath taken as an Entered Apprentice, kneeling on the left knee with the right hand upon the Volume of the Sacred Law.
Justice is the benchmark or limit of righteousness that allows us to give each person, without exception, what they rightfully deserve. This virtue aligns with both Divine and human laws and serves as the foundation and glue of civil society. Since justice largely defines a truly good person, it should be the unwavering practice of every Mason to adhere strictly to its smallest principles.
